San Xavier del Bac Mission, located about 10 miles south of downtown Tucson, Arizona, is one of the finest and most intact examples of Spanish colonial mission architecture in the United States. Known locally as the "White Dove of the Desert," the mission has a layered history that spans Indigenous traditions, Spanish colonial ambitions, Mexican governance, and American territorial and state periods.

• Jesuit foundation: The first formal mission at San Xavier was established in 1692 by Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Kino, who named the mission for St. Francis Xavier. Kino and other Jesuit missionaries traveled throughout the Pimería Alta (the upper land of the Pima/Tohono O'odham), establishing missions to convert and serve Indigenous communities.

  Architectural style: San Xavier is an outstanding example of Spanish colonial architecture infused with Baroque ornamental elements and Indigenous design influences. The façade features carved ornamentation, twin bell towers, and an ornately detailed entrance. Interior spaces include barrel vaults, groin vaults, and richly decorated altars.

1